How Smoking Affects Fertility in Men and Women
Effects in women
Tobacco toxins can affect the ovaries and the fallopian tubes. Cycles may become less regular, which makes timing intercourse and treatment more difficult. Ovarian reserve can decline faster, which may shorten the fertile years and bring earlier menopause. Smoking is also linked with higher rates of miscarriage and complications in pregnancy. People who smoke often have lower success rates with treatment compared with non-smokers. Quitting before trying to conceive improves the chances of success and supports a healthier pregnancy. (Source: NHS)
Effects in men
Smoking affects both sperm and sexual function. Research shows consistent links with lower semen volume, reduced concentration, poorer motility, and more abnormal forms. Oxidative stress from smoke increases DNA damage in sperm, which may affect embryo development. Smoking is also tied to erectile dysfunction, adding another barrier to natural conception. However, the good news is that improvements are possible. Semen measures and sexual function can recover after sustained abstinence, especially when combined with healthy sleep, nutrition, and exercise. This potential for recovery should instill hope and motivation in men who are trying to quit smoking for the sake of their fertility.
Secondhand smoke, vaping, and nicotine products
Secondhand smoke matters. Regular exposure lowers the chance of conception and adds risks in pregnancy. If one partner smokes, both partners are exposed. Make the home and car smoke-free to protect fertility and a future pregnancy. Evidence on vaping and nicotine pouches is still emerging, but expert guidance warns that nicotine and other chemicals can harm reproductive health. The safest choice when trying to conceive is to avoid all nicotine products. If you currently vape or use pouches, treat quitting with the same urgency as quitting cigarettes. (Source: ASRM)
Quitting works and how to start
The best news is that benefits start quickly. In men, semen quality can begin to improve within months. In women, ovulation may become more regular, and the body is better prepared for pregnancy. Set a quit date within two weeks. Tell a partner or close friend and ask for support. Use proven help such as nicotine replacement, prescription medicines when appropriate, and counseling. Combining methods doubles the odds of success. Remove cigarettes, vapes, lighters, and ashtrays from your spaces. Replace smoking routines with a short walk, breathing exercises, or a glass of water. Track progress every day. If you slip, start again the same day. Each smoke-free day supports fertility and overall health.
Your fertility is part of your long-term health. Quitting tobacco and nicotine is one of the most powerful steps you can take for yourself, your partner, and your future family.
Sources:
CDC - CDC.gov/tobacco/about/cigarettes-and-reproductive-health.html
ASRM - ASMR.org/practice-guidance/practice-committee-documents/tobacco-or-marijuana-use/ NHS - NHS.uk/conditions/infertility/
